Committee for the Abolition of Illegitimate Debt

The response of Rafael Correa’s government to the debt issue

Ecuador is the country in South America that has to dedicate the highest percentage of its budget to servicing its debt. The contribution expected in 2007 is unsustainable since the foreseeable repayments amount to about US$2,800 million (i.e. 38 % of its budget) [1] President Rafael Correa’s new government, established since early January, has already been forced to pay substantial amounts to its creditors (nearly US$1,000 million) and consequently is attempting to staunch the haemorrhage in order to be able to serve its people. The new government intends to use the money which thus becomes available in order to improve the social conditions of the population, particularly in the area of health care Care Le concept de « care work » (travail de soin) fait référence à un ensemble de pratiques matérielles et psychologiques destinées à apporter une réponse concrète aux besoins des autres et d’une communauté (dont des écosystèmes). On préfère le concept de care à celui de travail « domestique » ou de « reproduction » car il intègre les dimensions émotionnelles et psychologiques (charge mentale, affection, soutien), et il ne se limite pas aux aspects « privés » et gratuit en englobant également les activités rémunérées nécessaires à la reproduction de la vie humaine. . Already some 600 new health workers have been employed in order to immediately improve the quality of health services to those members of the population who are most in need. It aims at improvements in other areas too.

This radical stance of President Correa and Ricardo Patino, his Minister for Economy and Finances, has led to various attempts at destabilising the current government by local and international financial groups as well as by right-wing parties. Anything goes in order to harm them.

A process is being set up to cancel the debt

The new government aims to identify those elements of the country’s debt which incontestably can be denounced and repudiated. Starting from the results produced by the audit commission of the former government, a new audit commission is being set up which should take investigations much further and consists of both national and international experts. Ricardo Patino’s aim is to set up a commission consisting of at least six experts, three of them international personalities. [2] The commission would rely on a research group of several dozen people who would identify illegitimate debts, whether to multilateral creditors (such as the WB World Bank
WB The World Bank was founded as part of the new international monetary system set up at Bretton Woods in 1944. Its capital is provided by member states’ contributions and loans on the international money markets. It financed public and private projects in Third World and East European countries.

It consists of several closely associated institutions, among which :

1. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, 189 members in 2017), which provides loans in productive sectors such as farming or energy ;

2. The International Development Association (IDA, 159 members in 1997), which provides less advanced countries with long-term loans (35-40 years) at very low interest (1%) ;

3. The International Finance Corporation (IFC), which provides both loan and equity finance for business ventures in developing countries.

As Third World Debt gets worse, the World Bank (along with the IMF) tends to adopt a macro-economic perspective. For instance, it enforces adjustment policies that are intended to balance heavily indebted countries’ payments. The World Bank advises those countries that have to undergo the IMF’s therapy on such matters as how to reduce budget deficits, round up savings, enduce foreign investors to settle within their borders, or free prices and exchange rates.

, the IMF IMF
International Monetary Fund Along with the World Bank, the IMF was founded on the day the Bretton Woods Agreements were signed. Its first mission was to support the new system of standard exchange rates.

When the Bretton Wood fixed rates system came to an end in 1971, the main function of the IMF became that of being both policeman and fireman for global capital: it acts as policeman when it enforces its Structural Adjustment Policies and as fireman when it steps in to help out governments in risk of defaulting on debt repayments.

As for the World Bank, a weighted voting system operates: depending on the amount paid as contribution by each member state. 85% of the votes is required to modify the IMF Charter (which means that the USA with 17,68% % of the votes has a de facto veto on any change).

The institution is dominated by five countries: the United States (16,74%), Japan (6,23%), Germany (5,81%), France (4,29%) and the UK (4,29%).
The other 183 member countries are divided into groups led by one country. The most important one (6,57% of the votes) is led by Belgium. The least important group of countries (1,55% of the votes) is led by Gabon and brings together African countries.

http://imf.org , the InterAmerican Development Bank) or to bilateral creditors (mainly Spain, Japan, Brazil and Italy). There are in fact over 15 bilateral creditors for a total US$2 billion, i.e. 20% of Ecuador’s public external debt. The government would also wish to audit debts held by private creditors in the form of bonds so as to determine which part is illegitimate and warrants cancellation. The same applies to public internal debt for which cancellation measures are already being implemented.

The current Ecuadorian government wants to be quick about it. This is why international experts on the debt issue are ready to go back to Ecuador as soon as possible. Anyway, several ministers have in-depth knowledge of the debt issue and many citizens’ associations have been working for years on auditing the debt. This is why the Ecuadorian authorities are ready to take measures based on well documented research.

Which way forward ?

Unilateral action is necessary because were Ecuador to wait for the international community to set up an international settlement court, it would take years before any outcome was reached. The situation is critical. In so far as debt issues are concerned, unilateral action is legitimate and far more efficient. It is preferable to take the sovereign decision to denounce and stop servicing some debts even if it were subsequently decided to take up negotiations again with some creditors on some of them. In this case the government would be in the favourable position since it is the creditors who would be wanting payment to be resumed and would be more inclined to talk and tune down their demands. Ecuador thus has excellent reasons to undertake a unilateral action and decide on the basis of an audit that a large part of the external debt is illegitimate. A sovereign decision of the Quito authorities to stop servicing debts would be based on various arguments of internal and international law.

What are the arguments in favour of cancelling the debts ?

Many contracts include usurious interest rates Interest rates When A lends money to B, B repays the amount lent by A (the capital) as well as a supplementary sum known as interest, so that A has an interest in agreeing to this financial operation. The interest is determined by the interest rate, which may be high or low. To take a very simple example: if A borrows 100 million dollars for 10 years at a fixed interest rate of 5%, the first year he will repay a tenth of the capital initially borrowed (10 million dollars) plus 5% of the capital owed, i.e. 5 million dollars, that is a total of 15 million dollars. In the second year, he will again repay 10% of the capital borrowed, but the 5% now only applies to the remaining 90 million dollars still due, i.e. 4.5 million dollars, or a total of 14.5 million dollars. And so on, until the tenth year when he will repay the last 10 million dollars, plus 5% of that remaining 10 million dollars, i.e. 0.5 million dollars, giving a total of 10.5 million dollars. Over 10 years, the total amount repaid will come to 127.5 million dollars. The repayment of the capital is not usually made in equal instalments. In the initial years, the repayment concerns mainly the interest, and the proportion of capital repaid increases over the years. In this case, if repayments are stopped, the capital still due is higher…

The nominal interest rate is the rate at which the loan is contracted. The real interest rate is the nominal rate reduced by the rate of inflation. . Ecuador has to pay for projects that were never carried out or the outcome of which does not meet requirements. Debts were contracted to pay back debts contracted by dictatorships in the 1970s. A detailed analysis of the projects on which those debts are based thus yields several reasons for cancellation. Actually this concerns most of Ecuador’s debt.

We should now establish which debts can be called off and move on to the next stage, i.e. suspending payments. This could be done in the coming months, as early as summer 2007, the government and the President making the final decision.

How is the new audit commission going to proceed ?

The transparency policies of the new government mean that this newly created auditing commission will make all its results public. The auditing commission’s offices will be open, accessible to any member of the public who would like to contribute to their work or could testify in order to identify embezzlements, projects that were not carried out or various types of fraud which Ecuadorian citizens have been victim to while being expected to pay the resulting debt.

In accordance with the transparency policy the committee will open a website on which most contracts will displayed. If this stage is carried out, CADTM along with other associations demanding the cancellation of the debt will launch an international call for witnesses. It is likely that some former World Bank, IDB or IMF consultants or officials, creditors, or agents of private creditors will be ready to bring up dubious, illegal or criminal practices among creditors so as to help the Ecuadorian authorities not to pay their illegitimate debt.

An important testimony: John Perkins’

This is for instance the case of John Perkins, whose book The Confessions of an Economic Hit Man [3] has turned into an important event. He clearly explains what his mission was, namely “to encourage world leaders to become part of a vast network that promotes US commercial interests. In the end, those leaders become ensnared in a web of debt that ensures their loyalty. We can draw on them whenever we desire-to satisfy political, economic, or military needs. In turn, they bolster their positions by bringing industrial parks, power plants, and aiports to their people. The owners of U.S. engineering/construction companies become fabulously wealthy.” He happened to work in Ecuador for President Jaime Roldos : “Jaime Roldos was moving forward. He took his campaign promises seriously and he was launching an all-out attack on the oil companies. [...] The oil companies reacted predictably - they pulled out all the stops. [...] They tried to paint the first democratically elected president of Ecuador in modern times as another Castro. But Roldos would not cave in to intimidation. [...] He delivered a major speech at the Atahualpa Olympic Stadium in Quito and then headed off to a small community in southern Ecuador. He died there in a fiery airplane crash, on May 24, 1981 An accident, really as in the case of the president of Panama, Omar Torrijos, at the same time? Perkins never believed there was anything accidental about it: “They were assassinated because they opposed that fraternity of corporate government, and banking heads whose goal is global empire. We Economic Hit Men failed to bring Roldos and Torrijos around, and the other type of hit men, the CIA-sanctioned jackals who were always right behind us, stepped in.”

The conclusion is obvious: “Ecuador is awash in foreign debt and must devote an inordinate share Share A unit of ownership interest in a corporation or financial asset, representing one part of the total capital stock. Its owner (a shareholder) is entitled to receive an equal distribution of any profits distributed (a dividend) and to attend shareholder meetings. of its national budget to paying this off; as a consequence the only way Ecuador can buy down its foreign obligations is by selling its rain forests to the oil companies”. This means that utterly disregarding Ecuadorian sovereignty “the global empire demands its pound of flesh in the form of oil concessions...” John Perkins was back in Ecuador on 22 May 2007 to apologise to the Ecuadorian people. Other officials involved in the country’s illegitimate debt might wish to follow suit.

Action is also needed in the North

In order to complete the process, auditing committees need to be created to investigate the debt repayments claimed by the governments of the North from countries in the South. Belgium for instance is demanding US$16 million from Ecuador, most of which was loaned within tied-aid projects. Even a cursory analysis of those projects shows that Belgium’s loans to Ecuador were conditional to Ecuador buying equipment from Belgian companies, and more specifically electrical equipment. However, Belgium itself claims that it relinquished any tied-aid policies years ago as being illegitimate. We the CADTM (Committee for the Abolition of the Third World Debt www.cadtm.org ), along with the CNCD (Centre National de Coopération au Développement) and other NGOs will produce a detailed analysis of the contracts signed between Ecuador and Belgium so as to determine whether Belgium can still legitimately demand any payment or whether the debt should be purely and simply cancelled, as Norway did in 2006, notably for five fishing ships it sold Ecuador over twenty years ago at a time when the transaction did more good to the Norwegian naval industry than to Ecuador’s economy.

Translated by Christine Pagnoulle