Committee for the Abolition of Illegitimate Debt

Argentina has recently been assaulted on several fronts. These attacks are related to the 2001 suspension of payment on its external debt and to cases brought against the country before the ICSID ICSID The International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) is a World Bank arbitration mechanism for resolving disputes that may arise between States and foreign investors. It was established in 1965 when the Washington Convention of that year entered into force.

Contrary to some opinions defending the fact that ICSID mechanism has been widely accepted in the American hemisphere, many States in the region continue to keep their distance: Canada, Cuba, Mexico and Dominican Republic are not party to the Convention. In the case of Mexico, this attitude is rated by specialists as “wise and rebellious”. We must also recall that the following Caribbean States remain outside the ICSID jurisdiction: Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Dominica (Commonwealth of) and Suriname. In South America, Brazil has not ratified (or even signed) the ICSID convention and the 6^th most powerful world economy seems to show no special interest in doing so.

In the case of Costa Rica, access to ICSID system is extremely interesting: Costa Rica signed the ICSID Convention in September, 1981 but didn’t ratify it until 12 years later, in 1993. We read in a memorandum of GCAB (Global Committee of Argentina Bondholders) that Costa Rica`s decision resulted from direct United States pressure due to the Santa Elena expropriation case, which was decided in 2000 :
"In the 1990s, following the expropriation of property owned allegedly by an American investor, Costa Rica refused to submit the dispute to ICSID arbitration. The American investor invoked the Helms Amendment and delayed a $ 175 million loan from the Inter-American Development Bank to Costa Rica. Costa Rica consented to the ICSID proceedings, and the American investor ultimately recovered U.S. $ 16 million”.

https://icsid.worldbank.org/apps/ICSIDWEB/Pages/default.aspx (International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes), the controversial World Bank World Bank
WB The World Bank was founded as part of the new international monetary system set up at Bretton Woods in 1944. Its capital is provided by member states’ contributions and loans on the international money markets. It financed public and private projects in Third World and East European countries.

It consists of several closely associated institutions, among which :

1. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, 189 members in 2017), which provides loans in productive sectors such as farming or energy ;

2. The International Development Association (IDA, 159 members in 1997), which provides less advanced countries with long-term loans (35-40 years) at very low interest (1%) ;

3. The International Finance Corporation (IFC), which provides both loan and equity finance for business ventures in developing countries.

As Third World Debt gets worse, the World Bank (along with the IMF) tends to adopt a macro-economic perspective. For instance, it enforces adjustment policies that are intended to balance heavily indebted countries’ payments. The World Bank advises those countries that have to undergo the IMF’s therapy on such matters as how to reduce budget deficits, round up savings, enduce foreign investors to settle within their borders, or free prices and exchange rates.

arbitration tribunal. 

On 26 March 2012 the United States supended Argentina from its General System of Preferences (GSP), a mechanism allowing preferential tariffs to developing countries. [1] According to the Obama administration, this sanction is justified by Argentina’s refusal to abide by two ICSID rulings that condemned the country to pay more than $300 million in compensation to two US firms. [2] One of them, Azurix Corporation, which brought two actions against the Argentine State before the ICSID, had in fact requested that the General System of Preferences be reviewed and Argentina be excluded from it. This “water industry arm of the bankrupt Enron Corporation, [3] as Argentina’s ambassador in Washington put it, had been granted a 30-year concession to supply water to two of the three regions of the province of Buenos Aires. The Argentine authorities had later cancelled this concession, for the company did not comply with investment and service quality standards. 

In September 2011, Washington also made clear that its representatives would vote against any loan being extended to Argentina by the multilateral development banks (such as the Word Bank or the Inter-American Development Bank, IADB). As the US representative’s vote was not enough to stop IADB loans from being granted to the country, a delegation of lobbyists representing holders of defaulted Argentine bonds were recently reported to be in London, seeking to rally Great Britain to the US position. [4]

This campaign, meant to increase the pressure on Buenos Aires, is orchestrated, among others, by a group called ATFA (American Task Force Argentina) which, as mentioned on its website, is “pursuing a fair reconciliation of the Argentine debt default”. Among its members there is what those in the know refer to as an “aggressive creditor”, better known as a vulture fund Vulture funds
Vulture fund Investment funds who buy, on the secondary markets and at a significant discount, bonds once emitted by countries that are having repayment difficulties, from investors who prefer to cut their losses and take what price they can get in order to unload the risk from their books. The Vulture Funds then pursue the issuing country for the full amount of the debt they have purchased, not hesitating to seek decisions before, usually, British or US courts where the law is favourable to creditors. : Elliott Associates. This vulture fund is no newcomer to debt litigation. In 1999, the New York Court of Appeal ruled that Peru would have to pay $58 million to the fund for a debt that it had previously bought off for only $11 million. The Republic of Congo also figures among the victims of this fearsome shark, which likes to operate in murky waters.

Let’s take a closer look at this vulture fund’s claims in the Argentine case.  

The NML fund, an affiliate of Elliott Management registered in the Cayman Islands, bought Argentine bonds at a significant discount, and refused to take part in the two debt swaps of 2005 and 2010, even though they were favourable to creditors. [5] To recover the full amount of the capital (at its face value, of course) and the payment of interests, NML engaged in a series of legal actions before several tribunals, which ruled in its favour on several occasions. For instance, on 4 March this year, the New York federal judge Thomas Griesa pronounced a judgement in favour of the vulture fund: pursuant to the pari passu or equal footing clause, which requires an equal treatment for all a debtor’s creditors, Argentina should repay NML at the same time as it pays interest Interest An amount paid in remuneration of an investment or received by a lender. Interest is calculated on the amount of the capital invested or borrowed, the duration of the operation and the rate that has been set. on the new bonds issued at the time of the 2005 and 2010 debt swaps. The Argentine Minister of Finance said he rejected this decision, which Argentina has appealed against.

Strangely enough, a few days later the same judge ruled in Argentina’s favour, reversing an earlier decision he had taken in August 2011. At the request of the vulture funds Aurelius and Elliott Management Ltd, the judge had ordered a freeze on funds held at the New York Federal Reserve FED
Federal Reserve Officially, Federal Reserve System, is the United States’ central bank created in 1913 by the ’Federal Reserve Act’, also called the ’Owen-Glass Act’, after a series of banking crises, particularly the ’Bank Panic’ of 1907.

FED – decentralized central bank : http://www.federalreserve.gov/ in the accounts of Argentina’s Central Bank Central Bank The establishment which in a given State is in charge of issuing bank notes and controlling the volume of currency and credit. In France, it is the Banque de France which assumes this role under the auspices of the European Central Bank (see ECB) while in the UK it is the Bank of England.

ECB : http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/Pages/home.aspx and Citibank, so as to stop the payment of creditors holding Boden 2012 bonds, issued in 2002, and on which Argentina has made regular payments. Judge Griesa lifted the freeze on these funds, which “are not the property of the Republic of Argentina” he said. [6]

Thus, in spite of 12 decisions in their favour taken by New York tribunals, Aurelius and Elliott Management Ltd failed to seize Argentine monies, due to the sovereign immunity which, in the United States, protects most of the assets held on its territory by third countries. But the protection given by sovereign immunity does not seem to be totally effective against vulture funds. Indeed on 6 May 2011 the British Supreme Court ruled in favour of NML, which is seeking the enforcement in the UK of a decision taken by a New York tribunal that awarded the reimbursement of bonds (whose face value is $172 million but that were bought for about half that sum by NML) and the payment of $112 million in interest. According to the Supreme Court, Argentina cannot claim immunity against the seizure of its assets in the United Kingdom since the bonds issued by Argentina and held by the vulture fund NML contain a clause of immunity-waiver. The Financial Times [7] considers this is positive for sovereign debt Sovereign debt Government debts or debts guaranteed by the government. investors, even if the decision applies only to this specific case and does not mean that state immunity can never be claimed in litigations related to sovereign debts in British courts. 

Scrambling for the spoils in the ICSID

The creditors holding defaulted Argentine bonds have also found an attentive ear in the ICSID arbitrators. In August 2011, an ICSID arbitration tribunal decided it had jurisdiction over a dispute between Argentina and some 60,000 Italian investors, who claimed that the default on their bonds was a breach of the bilateral investment treaty (BIT) signed by Italy and Argentina. This decision was widely challenged since Article 8 of the BIT provides that investors first have to take proceedings before the local courts and can only appeal to the ICSID 18 months later. And yet those Italian investors did not file a complaint before the Argentine courts prior to their ICSID action. Indeed, one of the three arbitrators, George Abi-Saab, made known his dissenting opinion on the decision. First, he pointed out that debt bonds are not protected investments within the meaning of the BIT since there is no territorial link with Argentina. Moreover, in his opinion, Argentina’s consent to arbitration by the ICSID does not include mass claims. Furthermore, the tribunal had arrogated itself a legislative power by substantially modifying the existing rules of procedure and adapting them to this mass claim case. [8]

Even without knowing the final outcome of the case, it can be said that this decision sounds like a warning directed against countries who might want to unilaterally suspend payment on their bonds and who have agreed, via bilateral treaties, to submit to ICSID arbitration. 

It is worth saying that this attack is just one of many led against Argentina in the ICSID. Argentina is the most litigated country in the ICSID, wih 49 claims introduced so far. Even if in many cases, Argentina has requested annulment of or refused to abide by the decisions taken, it has not yet fallen in behind Bolivia, Ecuador, and Venezuela, which withdrew from this biased institution, known for serving the transnational companies’ interests. [9] Yet this step is essential for the country to recover its sovereignty. 

 Argentina as a spectre

Besides the direct pressure put on decision-makers and all the intimidatory legal actions taken against Argentina before several tribunals, the Argentine case is also the subject of a diffuse yet large-scale campaign in the media. The goal is to show that the Argentine default on nearly $100 billion of its external debt was a disaster for the country and that other countries like Greece would be ill-advised to show such firmness. This campaign is all the fiercer [10] and more necessary, since everything seems to indicate that Argentina was right to do so. The default represented a huge financial easing: the resources that were not transferred to the country’s external creditors were allocated to socially useful spending. Far from the chaos predicted by the birds of ill omen in the financial circles, the country was able to recover from a tragic crisis and substantially improve the living conditions of a population which had experienced rapid impoverishment and rampant precariousness. In addition, having broken away from the IMF IMF
International Monetary Fund Along with the World Bank, the IMF was founded on the day the Bretton Woods Agreements were signed. Its first mission was to support the new system of standard exchange rates.

When the Bretton Wood fixed rates system came to an end in 1971, the main function of the IMF became that of being both policeman and fireman for global capital: it acts as policeman when it enforces its Structural Adjustment Policies and as fireman when it steps in to help out governments in risk of defaulting on debt repayments.

As for the World Bank, a weighted voting system operates: depending on the amount paid as contribution by each member state. 85% of the votes is required to modify the IMF Charter (which means that the USA with 17,68% % of the votes has a de facto veto on any change).

The institution is dominated by five countries: the United States (16,74%), Japan (6,23%), Germany (5,81%), France (4,29%) and the UK (4,29%).
The other 183 member countries are divided into groups led by one country. The most important one (6,57% of the votes) is led by Belgium. The least important group of countries (1,55% of the votes) is led by Gabon and brings together African countries.

http://imf.org  [11] and stood firm against the Paris Club Paris Club This group of lender States was founded in 1956 and specializes in dealing with non-payment by developing countries.

creditors, it has put an end to their blackmailing and interference in the country’s management. Finally, Argentina has not been ostracized from the community of nations: if it still cannot borrow from the international financial markets –is this really bad news by the way?– it has not been evicted from the very exclusive club of the self-proclaimed leaders of the world (the G20 G20 The Group of Twenty (G20 or G-20) is a group made up of nineteen countries and the European Union whose ministers, central-bank directors and heads of state meet regularly. It was created in 1999 after the series of financial crises in the 1990s. Its aim is to encourage international consultation on the principle of broadening dialogue in keeping with the growing economic importance of a certain number of countries. Its members are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, USA, UK and the European Union (represented by the presidents of the Council and of the European Central Bank). ). One could admittedly object that what was possible for an economy such as Argentina’s might not be possible for smaller countries like Greece or Portugal. We would then reply that submission to the creditors’ diktats in these countries has such dreadful consequences that it is hardly conceivable that a default would prove to be more disastrous.