Committee for the Abolition of Illegitimate Debt

Last-minute action by the Eurogroup

The third bailout programme for Greece’s creditors expires in August. From this point on, Greece was supposed to ‘return to markets’. Before this can happen, however, private investors need to be convinced that Greece’s current debt burden is sustainable, i.e. that Greece is no longer a bankrupt state. Otherwise they won’t lend money at affordable rates. Since both the IMF and the European Commission found that the debt burden was not sustainable, a solution had to be found to avoid a fourth bailout programme. The Eurogroup has waited until the last minute to take a set of measures that might restore creditor confidence for a number of years, but these measures are unlikely to solve the Greek debt crises for good.

Kicking the can down the road one more time

The main elements of the June package are elements that do not reduce Greece’s debt burden, but simply address its financing needs in the short and mid-term. It is a continuation of the ‘kicking the can down the road’ approach that the Eurogroup has applied since 2010. This is when the first bailout loans were provided bilaterally by European Monetary Union (EMU) Member States. This saved Greece’s then private creditors from writing off their unsustainable debts and turned a private bank problem into a financial and political problem for EU Member States that use the Euro. It also postponed the challenge of finding sustainable solutions to the debt crisis.

The main elements of the package include extending the maturity on the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) loans for another 10 years, and deferring interest Interest An amount paid in remuneration of an investment or received by a lender. Interest is calculated on the amount of the capital invested or borrowed, the duration of the operation and the rate that has been set. and amortisation for the same period. This deferred interest is, of course, added to the debt stock Debt stock The total amount of debt , so these are measures that will increase rather than reduce the Greek debt stock over the long term.

A second element is disbursing €15bn in loans from the European Stability Mechanism ESM
European Stability Mechanism The European Stability Mechanism is a European entity for managing the financial crisis in the Eurozone. In 2012, it replaced the European Financial Stability Facility and the European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism, which had been implemented in response to the public-debt crisis in the Eurozone. It concerns only EU member States that are part of the Eurozone. If there is a threat to the stability of the Eurozone, this European financial institution is supposed to grant financial ‘assistance’ (loans) to a country or countries in difficulty. There are strict conditions to this assistance.

http://www.esm.europa.eu/ (ESM), a new tranche of the third bailout package agreed in 2015. A share Share A unit of ownership interest in a corporation or financial asset, representing one part of the total capital stock. Its owner (a shareholder) is entitled to receive an equal distribution of any profits distributed (a dividend) and to attend shareholder meetings. of €5.5bn is earmarked to pay down old debts. The remaining share of €9.5bn will be added to the Greek debt stock. These funds are supposed to serve as a cash buffer that could cover Greece’s financing needs for the next 22 months. This cash buffer provision suggests that even the Eurogroup is not fully convinced that the ‘return to markets’ will run smoothly in August.

The third element is the only one that provides some non-debt creating cash for Greece. Other EMU nations have finally committed to returning the profits they made on Greek bond Bond A bond is a stake in a debt issued by a company or governmental body. The holder of the bond, the creditor, is entitled to interest and reimbursement of the principal. If the company is listed, the holder can also sell the bond on a stock-exchange. purchases to Greece. The fact that other European nations profited financially from the crisis in Greece sparked some debate ahead of the Eurogroup meeting. Germany had to disclose that it made €2.9bn in profits, following a request by the Green opposition party in the German Bundestag. More than 80,000 Europeans have signed a petition by WeMove.EU that demanded EU countries should return these profits to Greece, in order to mitigate the suffering of the Greek people.

The Eurogroup’s decision is that Greece’s creditors can keep most of those profits. Only those profits made from budget year 2017 and in future will be transferred. And these will not be transferred to Greece but to the ESM-segregated account. This will be done in tranches until 2022, with severe conditionality attached.

The strings attached - a Fourth Memorandum?

When the Syriza party won the Greek elections back in 2015, one of the new government’s key priorities was to solve the country’s debt crisis by negotiating a Greek debt reduction with creditors. This strategy has obviously failed. This was also because attempts to build a coalition with other heavily indebted countries in the EU – and to solve the Euro crises through a European Debt Conference – were unsuccessful. The fall-back strategy was to restore Greek sustainability and avoid a fourth programme and memorandum at any cost, as well as avoiding further sacrifices – of which there were many in the past three years of austerity measures. This strategy was not fully successful either.

The Eurogroup package includes an Annex on “Specific commitments to ensure the continuity and completion of reforms adopted under the ESM programme”. This is a comprehensive set of economic policy conditionalities in highly sensitive sectors: fiscal surpluses, tax conditionality, pension system, labour regulations and wages, and privatisations.

Above all, Greece had to commit itself to a primary budget surplus of 3.5%, from now until 2022, the highest in the EU. This figure puzzled experts around the world. The IMF IMF
International Monetary Fund Along with the World Bank, the IMF was founded on the day the Bretton Woods Agreements were signed. Its first mission was to support the new system of standard exchange rates.

When the Bretton Wood fixed rates system came to an end in 1971, the main function of the IMF became that of being both policeman and fireman for global capital: it acts as policeman when it enforces its Structural Adjustment Policies and as fireman when it steps in to help out governments in risk of defaulting on debt repayments.

As for the World Bank, a weighted voting system operates: depending on the amount paid as contribution by each member state. 85% of the votes is required to modify the IMF Charter (which means that the USA with 17,68% % of the votes has a de facto veto on any change).

The institution is dominated by five countries: the United States (16,74%), Japan (6,23%), Germany (5,81%), France (4,29%) and the UK (4,29%).
The other 183 member countries are divided into groups led by one country. The most important one (6,57% of the votes) is led by Belgium. The least important group of countries (1,55% of the votes) is led by Gabon and brings together African countries.

http://imf.org , which has seen a few debt crises before, had judged in its 2016 debt sustainability analysis (DSA): “Even if Greece through a heroic effort could temporarily reach a surplus close to 3½ percent of GDP GDP
Gross Domestic Product Gross Domestic Product is an aggregate measure of total production within a given territory equal to the sum of the gross values added. The measure is notoriously incomplete; for example it does not take into account any activity that does not enter into a commercial exchange. The GDP takes into account both the production of goods and the production of services. Economic growth is defined as the variation of the GDP from one period to another. , few countries have managed to reach and sustain such high levels over several decades”. IMF staff suggested that “the DSA should be based on a primary surplus over the long-run of no more than 1½ percent of GDP”. The Eurogroup now suggests that the surplus will be around 2.2% from 2022 onwards. A high primary surplus equals austerity. This will make it difficult for the Greek government to boost growth, and create jobs and decent living conditions for its population.

The primary surplus is also a decisive factor to determine how much debt reduction Greece needs to reach sustainable levels. Disagreements between the IMF and EU institutions on the amount of debt relief needed were a key reason why the IMF could not disburse money under the third bailout programme. These disagreements continue.

IMF remains unconvinced

Statements made by IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde at the 1am press conference on 22 June and the press release issued later that day make it clear that the IMF remains unconvinced that the Eurogroup package has provided a sustainable solution to the debt crisis. The IMF refuses to disburse any new loans, but will remain engaged in monitoring exercises. This is an attempt to close one of the most embarrassing chapters of IMF history whose major milestones since 2010 include: the violation of the IMF rule of never lending to an insolvent state without requiring an upfront debt restructuring (legalised ad hoc through the ‘systemic exemption clause’); the misjudgement of ‘fiscal multipliers’, which led to an ill-designed adjustment programme through which Greece lost 25% of their GDP in one of the worst recessions the world has ever seen; and the failure of three programmes with IMF participation of some sort to restore debt sustainability in Greece. After all, it was good business for the IMF. Greece has paid out almost €5bn in interest and charges to the IMF since 2010.

Implications for the international financial architecture

The Eurogroup meeting of 21 June proves why we need a fair and effective multilateral mechanism for restructuring sovereign debts when they become unsustainable. When the Greek debt crisis broke out in 2010, the creditors were private investors, and the unsustainable debt stock should have been restructured immediately in a speedy and orderly insolvency procedure. The original sin that caused all the trouble down the road was the decision to bail out private creditors with official loans, 95% of these loans were used to repay old debts or to recapitalize private banks. The bailout loans were provided in the beginning by EU Member States that use the Euro and later by the newly founded bailout institutions, EFSF and ESM. This turned an investor problem into a political problem that created a lot of bad vibes in the EU, to say the least.

The decade-long procrastination of the Eurogroup to come to a decision that solves the Greek debt crisis proves that such decisions need to be taken by an independent body, in a similar way to insolvencies in the private sector that are usually dealt with by insolvency courts. Last year the politicians that make up the Eurogroup were not able to make a decision because there were national elections in Germany and France. This time it was ostensibly upcoming elections in a single German province that stopped them. A sovereign’s insolvency is an unfortunate but not uncommon financial fact, and don’t get solved if politicians prioritise electoral politicking over timely action. This is only made more difficult when decision-making is dependent on a body of 19 politicians each with their own election cycles.

The greatest favour the EU could grant to finance ministers of the Eurozone Member States is to take the political burden of decision-making over unavoidable sovereign debt Sovereign debt Government debts or debts guaranteed by the government. restructurings off their shoulders altogether. Life would be so much easier for them if they could point at a binding judgement of an independent insolvency court or arbitration panel when they meet their home country constituencies. We could even avoid bailouts paid with public monies in the first place, as we should have done in the case of Greece back in 2010. As the reform process of the EMU architecture is ongoing, we have an excellent opportunity to set up such a sovereign debt workout mechanism. Team Juncker, over to you...