Committee for the Abolition of Illegitimate Debt

Mounting public debt in some of the world’s poorest countries has leading economists worried. But where the International Monetary Fund IMF
International Monetary Fund Along with the World Bank, the IMF was founded on the day the Bretton Woods Agreements were signed. Its first mission was to support the new system of standard exchange rates.

When the Bretton Wood fixed rates system came to an end in 1971, the main function of the IMF became that of being both policeman and fireman for global capital: it acts as policeman when it enforces its Structural Adjustment Policies and as fireman when it steps in to help out governments in risk of defaulting on debt repayments.

As for the World Bank, a weighted voting system operates: depending on the amount paid as contribution by each member state. 85% of the votes is required to modify the IMF Charter (which means that the USA with 17,68% % of the votes has a de facto veto on any change).

The institution is dominated by five countries: the United States (16,74%), Japan (6,23%), Germany (5,81%), France (4,29%) and the UK (4,29%).
The other 183 member countries are divided into groups led by one country. The most important one (6,57% of the votes) is led by Belgium. The least important group of countries (1,55% of the votes) is led by Gabon and brings together African countries.

http://imf.org (IMF) sees orange flashing lights, UNCTAD UNCTAD
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development This was established in 1964, after pressure from the developing countries, to offset the GATT effects.

sees red.

The differing opinions of the gravity of the situation surfaced on 2 May when a senior IMF official presented in Geneva the organization’s recent report on macroeconomic developments and prospects in low-income developing countries – nations whose per capita gross national income is less than $2,700.

The group currently includes 59 countries accounting for about one-fifth of the world’s population and 4% of global output.

According to the report, presented by Séan Nolan, deputy director of the IMF’s strategy, policy and review department, almost three quarters of low-income developing countries faced higher government deficits in 2017 than during 2010–2014. The group’s median public debt-to-GDP GDP
Gross Domestic Product Gross Domestic Product is an aggregate measure of total production within a given territory equal to the sum of the gross values added. The measure is notoriously incomplete; for example it does not take into account any activity that does not enter into a commercial exchange. The GDP takes into account both the production of goods and the production of services. Economic growth is defined as the variation of the GDP from one period to another. ratio now hovered around 47%, up from about 33%, he said.

Although such a ratio pales in comparison to the situation in some eurozone countries – Portugal’s debt-to-GDP ratio is 125%, for example, and Italy’s is even higher – the situation in many low-income developing countries is more troubling, he said, because their governments have a significantly smaller tax base to help shoulder the burden.

“Countries such as Mozambique, such as Chad, such as the Republic of Congo, have begun to default because the debt situation is unfinanceable,” Mr. Nolan said.

In fact, in just four years the share Share A unit of ownership interest in a corporation or financial asset, representing one part of the total capital stock. Its owner (a shareholder) is entitled to receive an equal distribution of any profits distributed (a dividend) and to attend shareholder meetings. of low-income developing countries at high risk of debt distress or already unable to service their debt fully has almost doubled to 40%.

But although Mr. Nolan sees reason for concern, he’s not ready to hit the panic button just yet, saying the situation in low-income countries has deteriorated but isn’t “charging off the cliff at 100 miles per hour”.

“The lights are flashing orange. Not red, but orange,” he said.

For UNCTAD director Richard Kozul-Wright, however, the figures presented in the report paint a starker picture. He pointed to the report’s own assessment that “the combination of sluggish per capita income growth and falling investment levels, observed across a sizeable number of [low-income developing states], represents a significant set-back in the first years of pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).”

“Given that the Sustainable Development Goals are framing the development narrative, that’s a statement that I think merits to be more than orange flashing. It’s a red flashing statement,” said Mr. Kozul-Wright, who directs UNCTAD’s division on globalization and development strategies.

“And to some extent we think some of these countries have dodged a bullet,” he added, saying that several key external factors have been more favorable than anticipated, including a dollar that hasn’t increased as expected, a relatively benign bump in interest rates Interest rates When A lends money to B, B repays the amount lent by A (the capital) as well as a supplementary sum known as interest, so that A has an interest in agreeing to this financial operation. The interest is determined by the interest rate, which may be high or low. To take a very simple example: if A borrows 100 million dollars for 10 years at a fixed interest rate of 5%, the first year he will repay a tenth of the capital initially borrowed (10 million dollars) plus 5% of the capital owed, i.e. 5 million dollars, that is a total of 15 million dollars. In the second year, he will again repay 10% of the capital borrowed, but the 5% now only applies to the remaining 90 million dollars still due, i.e. 4.5 million dollars, or a total of 14.5 million dollars. And so on, until the tenth year when he will repay the last 10 million dollars, plus 5% of that remaining 10 million dollars, i.e. 0.5 million dollars, giving a total of 10.5 million dollars. Over 10 years, the total amount repaid will come to 127.5 million dollars. The repayment of the capital is not usually made in equal instalments. In the initial years, the repayment concerns mainly the interest, and the proportion of capital repaid increases over the years. In this case, if repayments are stopped, the capital still due is higher…

The nominal interest rate is the rate at which the loan is contracted. The real interest rate is the nominal rate reduced by the rate of inflation. , and commodity prices that “have essentially been positive over this period”.

“The worry for us is that despite [these favorable conditions] there is still a surprising number of countries in this group that have moved towards or are in debt distress,” Mr. Kozul-Wright said.

An overly optimistic forecast

One reason the IMF sees orange flashing lights instead of red is the report’s forecast that the situation will stabilize in many low-income developing countries over the coming years.

But such a prediction, Mr. Nolan admitted, shouldn’t necessarily be taken at face value.

“Debt sustainability assessments have a positive bias,” he said. “They’re usually overly optimistic because of assumptions about policy – because you assume, for example, significant fiscal adjustment is going to occur.”

Mr. Nolan said the assessment of Ghana in 2013 provided a good example of positive bias.

At the time, the country was assessed as having only a moderate risk of distress despite a heavy debt burden because analysists assumed that the government would follow through on their commitment to cut the primary deficit by four or five points, he said.

“Well, what actually happened was they didn’t do it and they did have a debt distress problem in 2015,” Mr. Nolan said.

For Mr. Kozul-Wright, such a poor track record at predicting the economic future makes UNCTAD even more nervous about what the future holds for these countries.

“Over the last 27 years, the IMF has predicted every October that an average of five economies will contract the following year. In practice, an average of 26 have contracted. This suggests that the six countries that the IMF predict will be in recession for 2018 could rise to as many as 31,” he said, quoting a recent Financial Times article.

“So, I think we need to be skeptical of that rather benign projection of the external environment in which these countries find themselves,” he said.

Mr. Kozul-Wright added: “The possibility for external shocks, I think, is significant. And if that happens, there may not be a kind of universal debt crisis that we saw in the 1980s and to some extent at the end of the 1990s. But any country that gets hit by such a shock is guaranteed not to be able to make the SDGs by 2030.”

A changing creditor landscape

A point on which the two economists agreed was that the changing landscape of creditors will make any future debt restructuring processes more difficult.

“The costs of entering into debt distress will be significantly higher than was the case in the 1990s,” Mr. Nolan said. “And it wasn’t much fun in the 1990s.”

For Mr. Nolan, the reason it will be “even messier the next time around” is that borrowers have moved away from traditional official creditors, such as multilateral institutions like the World Bank World Bank
WB The World Bank was founded as part of the new international monetary system set up at Bretton Woods in 1944. Its capital is provided by member states’ contributions and loans on the international money markets. It financed public and private projects in Third World and East European countries.

It consists of several closely associated institutions, among which :

1. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, 189 members in 2017), which provides loans in productive sectors such as farming or energy ;

2. The International Development Association (IDA, 159 members in 1997), which provides less advanced countries with long-term loans (35-40 years) at very low interest (1%) ;

3. The International Finance Corporation (IFC), which provides both loan and equity finance for business ventures in developing countries.

As Third World Debt gets worse, the World Bank (along with the IMF) tends to adopt a macro-economic perspective. For instance, it enforces adjustment policies that are intended to balance heavily indebted countries’ payments. The World Bank advises those countries that have to undergo the IMF’s therapy on such matters as how to reduce budget deficits, round up savings, enduce foreign investors to settle within their borders, or free prices and exchange rates.

and members of the Paris Club Paris Club This group of lender States was founded in 1956 and specializes in dealing with non-payment by developing countries.

– a group of major creditor countries.

Instead, many low-income developing countries are now turning more to non-Paris Club official bilateral creditors, sovereign bond Bond A bond is a stake in a debt issued by a company or governmental body. The holder of the bond, the creditor, is entitled to interest and reimbursement of the principal. If the company is listed, the holder can also sell the bond on a stock-exchange. markets, and other foreign commercial lenders.

Such evolutions are important, he said, because although a wider range of creditors offers more choice to governments, the new forms of private credit often entail higher interest Interest An amount paid in remuneration of an investment or received by a lender. Interest is calculated on the amount of the capital invested or borrowed, the duration of the operation and the rate that has been set. rates and shorter maturities, making them more burdensome.

Even more worrying is that the new creditors are much less coordinated, so future debt resolutions could be more troublesome.

“In the old creditor structure, where most of the creditors were bilateral creditors in the Paris club, there was a coordination mechanism that facilitated debt restructuring,” Mr. Nolan said, adding that such a mechanism is needed to ensure “that a whole group of official creditors step up to the table and give debt relief on similar terms.”

“We don’t have that structure anymore,” he said. “And so, resolution is going to be more difficult going forward.”

The right principles

So, what needs to be done? Although Mr. Kozul-Wright agrees with the IMF’s recommendation for both debtors and creditors to subscribe to global principles for sustainable lending, he disagrees with the endorsement of the G20 G20 The Group of Twenty (G20 or G-20) is a group made up of nineteen countries and the European Union whose ministers, central-bank directors and heads of state meet regularly. It was created in 1999 after the series of financial crises in the 1990s. Its aim is to encourage international consultation on the principle of broadening dialogue in keeping with the growing economic importance of a certain number of countries. Its members are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, USA, UK and the European Union (represented by the presidents of the Council and of the European Central Bank). ’s operational guidelines for sustainable financing.

“You redeem yourself slightly by referring to the UNCTAD principles in your presentation, but it’s not referenced in the report itself,” he said to Mr. Nolan.

“I think the principles of responsible borrowing and lending that we have, and which have been noted by the G24 and the [Financing for Development process], are actually better than the G20’s,” Mr. Kozul-Wright said.

“There was a serious process of four or five years of research and consultation that went into the UNCTAD principles which I don’t think you can say actually about the G20 principles,” he added.

And while the UNCTAD director didn’t have much against the main market-based responses the report proposes – the need for more transparency, for better data and more monitoring of the data – he strongly disagreed with the report’s failure to mention the need for a statutory workout mechanism, preferably at the multilateral level.

“I think your discussion of the emergence of new creditors actually would underscore the importance of that case,” he said, adding that UNCTAD has been pushing for such a workout mechanism since the mid-1980s, after the Latin American debt crisis.

“Most of the damage is done because the current system is not efficient, it’s not timely, and it’s not fair,” he said.

“And the only way that we think that you can really address those problems is through a more statutory kind of process, and so that’s something that UNCTAD, I think, will continue to push in the work that we do.”